The billions of dollars Canadian governments have spent on P3 projects have produced substantial economic benefits and gains in employment, a new study shows. Vancouver consultants InterVISTAS concluded that spending on 121 P3 projects has created over 500,000 full-time equivalent jobs (direct, indirect and induced) and added Cdn $48.2 billion to total GDP between 2003 and 2012. The capital costs of the projects were the biggest contributor, with O&M spending taking a distant second place. Health care and transportation are by far the biggest P3 sectors.